Food Allergy 

Up 8% of children, and 2% of adults in the United States develop food allergies.  Food allergies develop when a person’s immune system makes an allergy antibody (IgE) to food proteins that are usually tolerated.  The allergy may develop even if the person was able to tolerate the food many times in the past.  The most common foods that cause allergies are proteins found in cow’s milk, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, and soy.   

Symptoms experienced during an allergic food reaction include one or more of the following- hives (red, itchy, and swollen areas of the skin); swelling of the eyes, lips, tongue or throat; abdominal pain or diarrhea; and wheezing or shortness-of-breath.  These symptoms typically develop within several minutes to two hours following ingestion of the allergic food.   

Approximately one third of infants and toddlers with more severe eczema (atopic dermatitis) may have a food allergy making their rash worse.   

Some individuals will experience severe symptoms after consuming a food they are allergic to.  This is called food-induced anaphylaxis and can be life-threatening.  Symptoms include severe wheezing, a large drop in blood pressure, swelling of the tongue or throat, and a feeling of warmth or flushing.  In these cases, the allergic reaction is treated with injectable epinephrine, antihistamines, and other emergency medications.  Anyone who experiences these symptoms should call 911 immediately.   

Diagnosing a food allergy requires a very careful and detailed history- typically by a well-qualified allergist and immunologist.  Allergy tests are often used to aid in the diagnosis.  Skin testing to the foods in question is typically the most helpful initial test.  Blood tests can also be useful in some situations in addition to the skin testing.   

Currently, there is no treatment for food allergies other than avoiding the food.  It is essential to carry injectable epinephrine in case of a more severe reaction.  Careful reading of food labels is also crucial in order to avoid accidental ingestion. 

In order to receive an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan, it is important to see a board-certified allergist and immunologist if you or a family member is experiencing symptoms suggestive of a food allergy.